Vector Network Analyzers (VNA) by PICOTEST
Vector network analyzers (VNAs) are used to measure such low impedances due to their superior sensitivities. VNA has sensitivity in the order of microvolts and utilising two port shunt through measurement methods we can measure milli ohms and micro ohms. The two-port shunt through measurements are an adaptation of four wire kelvin measurements used for DC resistance measurements. Two port shunt through measurement comes with an inherent ground loop problem. Mitigating these are essential in measuring low impedances. Low impedance measurements in the range of milli ohms are impacted by the noise floor of the VNA, ground loop, and the cable shield resistances. Choosing the right methods, we can measure impedances as low as 20 micro ohm. The 2 Port shunt through measurement is an adaptation of Kelvin 4 wire measurement system using vector network analyser. It is considered as the gold standard for measuring very low impedances, in the order of micro ohms. A vector network analyser (V